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The ''Révolution nationale'' ((:ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ nasjɔnal), ''National Revolution'') was the official ideological program promoted by the Vichy regime (the “French State”) which had been established in July 1940 and led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. Pétain’s regime was characterized by anti-parliamentarism, rejection of the constitutional separation of powers, personality cult, xenophobia and state-sponsored anti-Semitism, promotion of traditional values and rejection of modernity, corporatism and opposition to the theory of class conflict. Despite its name, the ideological project was more reactionary than revolutionary as it opposed most changes introduced to French society by the French Revolution.〔René Rémond, ''Les droites en France'', Aubier, 1982〕 As soon as it was established, Pétain’s government took measures against the “undesirables”, namely Jews, ''métèques'' (immigrants), Freemasons, and Communists. The persecution of these four groups was inspired by Charles Maurras’ concept of the “Anti-France”, or “internal foreigners”, which he defined as the “four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners”. The regime also persecuted Gypsies, gays, and left-wing activists in general. Vichy imitated the racial policies of the Third Reich and also engaged in natalist policies aimed at reviving the “French race” (including a sports policy), although these policies never went as far as the eugenics program implemented by the Nazis. == Ideology == The ideology of the French State (Vichy France) was an adaptation of the ideas of the French far-right (including monarchism and Charles Maurras’ integralism) by a crisis government, born out of the defeat of France against Nazi Germany. It included: *The conflation of legislative and executive powers. The Constitutional Acts〔(Actes constitutionnels du Gouvernement de Vichy, 1940-1944, France, MJP, université de Perpignan )〕 drafted by Pétain on 11 July 1940 attributed him "more powers than to Louis XIV" (according to a quote by Pétain himself, brought by his civil head of staff, H. Du Moulin de Labarthète), including that of drafting a new Constitution. *Anti-parliamentarism and rejection of the multi-party system. *Personality cult. Marshall Pétain’s portrait was omnipresent, printed on money, stamps, walls or represented in sculptures. A song to his glory, ''Maréchal, nous voilà !'', became the unofficial national anthem. Obedience to the leader and to the hierarchy was exalted. *Corporatism, with the establishment of a Labour Charter (suppression of trade-unions replaced by corporations organized by sectors, suppression of the right to strike). *Stigmatization of those seen as responsible for the military defeat, expressed in particular during the Riom Trial (1942–43): the Third Republic, in particular the Popular Front (despite the fact that Léon Blum’s left-wing government prepared France for the war by launching a new military effort), Communists, Jews, etc. The defendants of the Riom Trial included Léon Blum, Édouard Daladier, Paul Reynaud, Georges Mandel and Maurice Gamelin. *State anti-Semitism. Jews, national or not, were excluded from the Nation, and prohibited from working in public services. The first Statute on Jews was promulgated on 3 October 1940. Thousands of naturalized Jews were deprived of their citizenship, while all Jews were forced to wear a yellow badge. A ''numerus clausus'' drastically limited their presence at the University, among physicians, lawyers, filmmakers, bankers or small trade. Soon the list of off-limits works was greatly increased. In less than a year, more than half of the Jewish population in France was deprived of any means of subsistence.〔Olivier Wieviorka, “La République recommencée”, in S. Berstein (dir.), ''La République'' 〕 Foreign Jews first, then all Jews were at first detained in concentration camps in France, before being deported to Drancy internment camp where they were then sent to Nazi concentration camps. *“Organicism” and rejection of class conflict. *Promotion of traditional values. The Republican moto of “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” replaced by the motto of “Labour, Family, Fatherland.” (''Travail, Famille, Patrie''). *Rejection of cultural modernism and of intellectual and urban elites. Policy of “return to the earth” (which convinced no more than 1,500 persons to return to the fields〔Robert Paxton, ''La France de Vichy'', Points-Seuil, 1974〕). Germany forced none of these changes on France. The Vichy government instituted them voluntarily as part of the National Revolution, while Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice as long as public order was maintained. It was suspicious of the aspects of the National Revolution that encouraged French patriotism, and banned Vichy veteran and youth groups from the Occupied Zone. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Révolution nationale」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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